We are a nation that thrives on discovery. We push the envelope, test the impossible and explore new frontiers. This persistent can-do mentality and unyielding passion is at the heart of the United States’ commitment to space exploration. Or so it was.

In a mission that took roughly a week in early October, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) tested the moon for any signs of water in an ingenious way. By forming a crater near the...